Uses of Hydropower Energy – Hydro-electricity Facts about Plants and Dams

17 Nov, 2012 by
Hydro Energy

Hydro Power is one of the largest sources of energy, accounting for roughly 20% of the worldwide demand of electricity and for well resourced countries it accounts for majority of the energy. Compared to other sources of Energy, Hydroelectric Power is one of the cheapest, non Carbon Emitting, non Polluting and Mature Energy Sources. Hydro Power plants have been developed to almost full potential in developed countries because of their superior characteristics and many more are being constructed by developing countries like China and India.

Uses of Hydropower Energy

Like Wind Energy, Hydropower Energy is mostly used for electricity generation and accounts for almost 20% of the total global electricity production. Another major but mostly unknown use of hydro power is for storing energy. Using the existing dam infrastructure, utilities use hydro power to store energy which is known as “pumped hydro storage”. This use is becoming more important as there are limited options for cheap energy storage. In olden times hydro power like wind power was used for agricultural use like processing grain wherein the kinetic energy of the moving water was converted into mechanical energy. However this use has almost disappeared.

Some of the uses of Hydropower Energy are:

1) Electricity – Hydroelectricity is one of the most important sources of energy in the world. Hydroelectricity is one of the cheapest and non-polluting sources of power. Though it can cause ecological damage initially it has better climate compatibility than other major forms of energy like nuclear, coal, gas and others. Many countries in the Nordic region and South America are almost completely dependent on hydro power for their energy needs. For some countries like China and India with massive energy needs, Hydroelectricity is the only option currently amongst non-global warming energy choices to build in large capacities.

2) Energy Storage – There is 90 GW of Global Pumped Hydro Storage already existing in the world and with increasing Solar and Wind Energy  this Capacity is only going to grow. The main use of Pumped Hydro Storage is for Grid Energy Storage. Electric Utilities are the main customers of this Technology using Pumped Hydro Storage for:

a) Load Balancing – Storing Power during Low Usage Periods and Generating Power at High Usage Periods

b) Accommodation of Intermittent Sources of Energy – Solar Energy and Wind Energy are growing at a scorching fast rate of 50% and 30% CAGR over the last several years. Larger share of these forms of renewable energy in the Electricity Mix is driving the growth Grid Storage.

c) Reducing Capital Investments as Peak Power plants like Natural Gas Combined Cycle Plants are much more expensive to run than normal Thermal and Nuclear Energy Plants

3) Agriculture – Hydropower was used in ancient times for producing flour from grain and was also used for sawing timber and stone, raised water into irrigation canals.

4) Industry – Hydropower was used earlier for some industrial applications such as driving the bellows in small blast furnaces and for extraction of metal ores in a method known as hushing.

Hydroelectric Plants and Dams

Hydroelectricity power plants are the biggest power stations in the world dwarfing the biggest nuclear and coal power projects. The world’s biggest power plant is the Three Gorge Dam in China which at 22.5 GW is more than 50% larger than the 2nd biggest power station in the world.

Hydroelectricity power plants are the biggest power stations in the world dwarfing the biggest nuclear and coal power projects. The world’s biggest power plant is the Three Gorge Dam in China which at 22.5 GW is more than 50% larger than the 2nd biggest power station in the world. Most of the world’s largest hydroelectricity plants in the world are situation in China and South America. North America also has some of the larger hydro power plants. China is the by far the world leader in hydro power plant capacity with around 200 GW which it aims to double to around 400 GW  by 2020.Other major hydroelectricity countries are Canada, USA, Brazil and India. Note Hydroelectricity is responsible for producing around 20% of the world’s electricity. Here are some of the major world hydroelectricity power plants:

1) The Three Gorges Dam world’s largest capacity hydroelectric dam in the world with a capacity of around 22.5 GW. The 3 Gorge Dam has an astounding 26 Turbines of 700 MW totaling 18.2 GW which were completed in 2008. The plant is expanding further to 22.5 by 2012. The Dam has been very controversial with both opponents and proponents. The Dam displaces a lot of people and resulted in flooding of historical sites. However its pluses are that it has increasing flood control and increased the shipping capacity of the Yangtze river.

2) The Itaipu Hydroelectricity Power Plant on the Brazil  is the second largest power plant in the world. With 20 generator units and 14,000 MW of installed capacity, the Dam was completed in 2003 making it the biggest in that time.

3) The Guri Dam in Venezuela is the 3rd biggest hydroelectricity power plant in the world with a capacity of 10.2 GW. The Hydroelectric Power station Guri was constructed in the Necuima Canyon, 100 kilometers upstream from the mouth of the Caroní River in the Orinoco. The Guri dam alone supplies 73% of Venezuela’s electricity.

Biggest Countries using Hydropower

China is the by far the world leader in hydro power plant capacity with around 200 GW which it aims to double to around 400 GW  by 2020.Other major hydroelectricity countries are Canada, USA, Brazil and India.

Here are the largest installed capacities of hydroelectricity in countries:

  1. China 200 GW
  2. Canada 89 GW
  3. USA 80 GW
  4. Brazil 70 GW
  5. Russia 45 GW
  6. India 33 GW
  7. Norway 27 GW
  8. Japan 27 GW
  9. Venezuela 15 GW

How much does Hydroelectricity cost?

The costs of hydroelectricity are not a simple function of dollar costs.It should also take into account the massive displacement costs in case of massive hydro dams, the loss of ecology and potential tails risks which can lead to massive payments.

Hydroelectricity costs can be broken down into 2 categories:

a) Investment costs

b) Operating Costs

Investment Costs are the biggest component of Hydroelectricity accounting for almost 75-80% of the total lifecycle costs of a hydro power station. The investment costs like all other forms of energy varies depending on the site, technology etc. In general it costs between $1-3 per watt of hydro electricity.

Operating Costs of Hydel Power on the other hand are considerably lower as Hydro Electricity does not require any fuel except for water which is freely available. However it does not plant operators to monitor and maintain hydro power plant parts like turbines etc.

The total dollar costs of a hydro power plant is 2-5c/Kwh while that of small hydro power turbines is 3-10c/KwH

Hydroelectric Energy Advantages

  1. No Fuel Cost – Hydro Energy does not require any fuel like most other sources of energy. This is a huge advantage over other fossil fuels whose costs are increasing at a drastic rate every year. Electricity prices are increasingly rapidly in most parts of the world much faster than general inflation. Price shocks due to high fuel costs are a big risk with fossil fuel energy these days
  2. Low Operating Costs and little Maintenance – Operating labor cost is also usually low, as plants  are automated and have few personnel on site during normal operation.
  3. Low Electricity Cost – The Electricity produced from Hydro Power is quite low making it very attractive to construct hydro plants. The payback period is estimated to be between 5-8 years for a normal hydro power plant. Hydro Plants also  have long lives of between 50-100 years which means that they are extremely profitable
  4. No Greenhouse Gas Emissions/Air Pollution – Hydroelectricity does not produce any GHG emissions or cause air pollution from the combustion of fossil fuels unlike coal, oil or gas. This makes them very attractive as a source of cheap, non carbon dioxide producing electricity.
  5. Energy Storage – Pumped Hydro Storage is possible with most of the hydro power plants. This makes them ideal storage for wind and solar power which are intermittent in nature. Hydro Dams can be modified at low costs to allow pumped storage.
  6. Small Size Possible – Hydroelectricity can be produced in almost any size from 1 MW to 10000 MW which makes it very versatile. Small Hydro Plants are being encouraged by government as they cause less ecological affects than large hydro plants. Even micro hydro plants are possible.
  7. Reliability – Hydro Power is much more reliable than wind and solar power though less than coal and nuclear as a base load source of power. Hydroelectricity is more or less predictable much in advance though it can decrease in summer months when the water is low in the catchment areas.
  8. High Load Factor – The Load Factor for Solar and Wind Energy ranges from 15-40% which is quite low compared to Fossil Fuel Energy. Hydroelectricity on the other hand has a load factor of almost 40-60%.
  9. Long Life – Hydro Plants have a very long life of around 50- 100 years which is much longer than that of even Nuclear Power Plants. The long life implies that the life cycle cost of a Hydel Power Plant becomes very low in the long term.

Why are China and India obstinately pushing Nuclear Power despite Protests

1 Nov, 2012 by
China,India,Nuclear Energy

Two Emerging Nuclear Giants – India & China

The Fukushima disaster in Japan involving the Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant had bought a nuclear winter for the global nuclear energy industry. Many of the top nuclear countries like Japan and Germany have put a complete halt of nuclear power generation while the biggest nuclear equipment suppliers like GE and Siemens have hinted at getting out of this sector completely. But this has not changed the nuclear power plans of the two emerging giants India and China. Despite massive opposition to nuclear power, India is still trying to forge ahead even as a completed nuclear plant in Tamil Nadu remains stalled.

China lifts nuclear power moratorium hesitantly

China announced a strong renewable energy target for its electricity sector saying that it now wanted 30% of power to come from green energy by 201 up from 20% by 2020. China has decided to approve new nuclear power plants ending the moratorium it imposed to review safety in the wake of Japan’s Fukushima disaster last year. Only a small number of plants will be built, and only in coastal areas, according to a Cabinet announcement. The plants will meet the most stringent safety standards, it said. China suspended approvals of new nuclear plants after a tsunami triggered by the massive March 11, 2011, earthquake crippled the Fukushima plant’s cooling and backup power systems, causing partial meltdowns in the worst nuclear disaster since the 1986 Chernobyl catastrophe. China currently has 15 nuclear reactors that provide about 12.5 gigawatts of generating capacity, and another 26 reactors are under construction that will add 30 gigawatts, the report said.

India looks to install safety equipment for its existing Nuclear Reactors

India which has already seen multiple deaths in protestor shootings at nuclear power sites , is now looking to partner with Areva to improve safety of its exiting ~5 GW of nuclear capacity. Note India’s nulcear power contribution is miniscule and even if India meets its expansion target it will still be a tiny contributor to India’s overall power sector. The government is obstinately pushing ahead with nuclear energy despite its limited gains. Note the  top nuclear company GE recently said that nuclear power was no longer viable due to high costs. Even other top western companies like Siemens are massively reducing their investments in nuclear energy as the world recedes from nuclear energy.

Hindu

Nuclear Power Corporation of India Ltd (NPCIL) is in talks with Areva India Pvt Ltd to install equipment at the existing nuclear power plants to improve safety standards. After the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster in Japan last year, nuclear reactor operators worldwide are taking steps to upgrade safety standards in their plants. S. A. Bhardwaj, Director (Technical), NPCIL, said the company is looking at the option of installing hydrogen re-combiner at its existing locations.

GE on Nuclear Power

As the whole world is fixated on the debate about on using and not using nuclear power for energy generation, the anti-nuclear protestors have got a new powerful argument about nuclear energy being not economically feasible. General Electric which is among the world’s top 3 suppliers of nuclear energy equipment along with Toshiba and Areva, has said that it no longer makes economic sense to build nuclear reactors. To readers of GWI, this is nothing new as we wrote more than a year ago about how nuclear energy has hit a virtual wall in the developed world. Expensive safety regulations, massive time overruns, increasing equipment prices had already made nuclear energy an expensive proposition in the West. On top of that came the Fukushima disaster which has made many countries like Germany, Japan, Switzerland and Belgium to shut down their entire nuclear energy capacities.

Nuclear Power Issues in India

India has set a target of 20 GW of Nuclear Energy by 2020 from around 5 GW now and has already signed deals with major nuclear equipment suppliers like Areva,GE-Hitachi and Toshiba.However the Nuclear Disaster at Fukushima has changed things on the ground with protests growing by the day. Note only are the proposed nuclear reactors at Jaitapur facing massive protests, even the existing nuclear energy plants in India are seeing locals raising their voices. Recently many prominent citizens of India signed a protest letter against the upcoming Jaitapur plants. Note the advantages and disadvantages of nuclear power has been debated on for a long time. The catastrophic risk of a nuclear reactor meltdown is the biggest con of nuclear energy and has made it intolerable in a number of countries. After Japan has decided to kill nulcear power in the country, other progressive countries like Germany, Italy and Switzerland too are going to switch off nuclear reactors once the life of the existing plants are over.

Note the cost of nuclear power has grown at a distressing pace with massive time and cost overruns. The Areva Nulcear Plant is going to cost Rs 20 crore a MW which is much more than a Thermal Power plant and even costlier than Solar Power which has the highest capital requirement amongst major energy sources. Besides disposal of nuclear energy waste is a huge problem even for countries like USA and Japan which have huge nuclear power industries. For a country like India with poor safety record, nuclear waste disposal would be a nightmare. India should learn from the example of Germany and Italy and stop going down the nuclear path and look for other green energy sources.

Also Read on GWI:

 

1/3rd of India’s Power Capacity Lies Idle due to Corruption created Coal Shortage

1 Nov, 2012 by
Coal,India

Indian Coal Shortage leads to Idle Power

There are massive power brownouts across India as electricity supply is shut down due to lack of fuel. Note the majority of India’s power capacity is built using thermal power plants run on coal. However India’s coal mining policy is a huge mess with Coal India the monopoly government producer being highly inefficient and ridden with corruption. While CIL is blaming the lack of coal production due to environmental problems, the real issue is that CIL is badly managed state owned company. Millions of tons of coal are stolen and the company is over bloated in terms of manpower. With little competition, the company has no incentive to increase production or improve efficiency.

With a gargantuan coal scam unearthed by the government auditing agency, the UPA Government is again in a paralysis state regarding the mining policy. Its top leaders are accused of stealing millions of dollars by awarding private coal mining contracts to kith and kin. Meanwhile 65 GW of the country’s electricity is said to be lying idle due to no fuel even as the running coal powered plants are with just one week’s inventory of coal. There have already been huge protests across the southern states where industries are being starved of power for days on an end.

Mint

Thermal power plants reaching a “critical” level—a euphemism for coal stocks being sufficient for less than a week—is nothing new in India. But if reports are to be believed, some 65,000 megawatts (MW) of power generation capacity is not being utilized because of a shortage of coal. Central Electricity Authority (CEA) data showed that at the end of September, 35 thermal power plants had less than a week’s supply of coal left. Of the 65,000 MW of stranded capacity, the public sector NTPC alone accounts for nearly 15,000 MW.

The Government has brought in some electricity reforms but they woefully miss the objectives of a complete overhaul of the mining and energy industry in India which is ridden with corruption and ad-hoc political discretionary powers.

Indian Government unleashed a number of half baked reforms which were pending for a long time but that has not helped the industry all that much. Though the stock markets have gone up, the companies in the reform sectors have not benefited much as the reforms have failed to address the core structural issues.

India’s crucial Power Industry has been in a mess for a long time now with muddled regulations in coal, gas and power adding up to the electricity companies woes. While the Government has come up with a plan to reduce the debt of the bankrupt state electricity distributors, it has failed to adequately address the issue of coal supply to the thermal power plants. Coal India which is India’s monopoly miners continues to be one of the most inefficient and corrupt organizations. The Government has failed to break this monopoly or even address the issues of massive power theft in power transmission.

This new plan has following features:

1) Reduce the Power Purchasing Agreement Tenure to 5 years from 25 years.This would make it easy to change the prices of power purchased to reflect the changed realities

2) Some sort of fuel cost indexation for electricity tariffs .The reason is that prices of imported coal has risen dramatically which has made the large UMPP get stuck because the revenues don’t meet the costs.

This plan will take 6 months to be implemented as the government talks with stakeholders like states which are reluctant to change the power prices decided in the PPA with the earlier UMPP being built by Tata Power and Reliance Power in Gujarat and Andhra Pradesh.

The country has to reduce the reliance on this dirty fossil fuel and look to alternatives like Solar Power where costs have fallen dramatically in the recent past. More focus should be put on hydro energy as well as it has great benefits.China is looking to add 400 GW of hydro capacity in the next 10 years compared to India’s total current capacity of 182 GW.

Also Read on GWI:

Why India’s Power Reforms Fail Green Energy as structural issues of Theft, Fuel and Electoral Carrot unaddressed

18 Oct, 2012 by
India

The Indian Government has recently come up with some economic reforms in the areas of Subsidies, Aviation, Retail and Power. However most of these reforms are half baked and fail to address the structural issues. Doubts are already being raised about how these changes are going to be implemented, with the ruling party losing the support of a crucial coalition partner. With elections just one and a half years away, it looks likely that the reforms will not meet their objectives.

The Electricity Companies in India have been facing major issues with regulations, corruption and fuel supply issues dogging them. Most private companies are making huge losses despite India facing a huge power deficit. Faulty government policies in the whole supply chain from fuel to equipment to generation is the major cause why despite massive unmet demand, the country’s power companies are losing money.

The new reforms in which the state government will take over half the debt of the state owned distribution companies and the state owned lenders will restructure the massive $35.5 billion in combined debt does not address the structural issues.

1) Theft – Almost 30-40% of the power generated is lost due to theft and transmission losses compared to 5-10% in other countries. This is due to patronage of theft by the political parties

2) Fuel Supply – The country’s policies in gas and coal have left the whole industry in shambles

3) Electoral Carrot – Each party tries to outdo each other by offering free electricity which is unsustainable and leads to massive power cuts. The debt is shouldered by state owned PSEBs which then don’t have any money to buy power

India’s Power Politics

Dirty Politics and blatant misuse of power is nothing new for Indian citizens but it has reached absurd levels in India’s largest state of Uttar Pradesh. Some districts in the state receive 24 hours power supply while some only get 8-10 hours. The discrimination is based on whether the district has elected an important leader for the ruling party. So top Samajwadi Party leaders like Mulayam Singh, Azam Khan and others manage to get 24 hours of electricity supply to their home districts, so does India’s ruling party at the center Congress. However if you are a UP citizen and don’t have a VVIP leader elected from your district you are faced with massive power cuts

India’s Power Industry Fuel Problems

a) Lack of fuel as Coal India the monopoly producer is a den of waste and corruption. There is no coal to feed the new thermal power plants despite India sitting on hundreds and billions of coal reserves

b) The distribution and transmission sector owned by the government is a total mess

c) The coal industry has come under fire from the Auditor General for indulging in widespread corruption

d) Foreign governments have imposed duties and taxes on coal exports to India making the big power plants non-viable. The Reliance power plant being built in AP is now stuck as it is no longer feasible to supply power at the contracted prices at the current fuel cost

e) Gas power plants are stranded as well as domestic gas production has dived (as usual due to government incompetence and corruption).

Why Green Energy will continue to suffer

While Renewable Energy is growing in India, Green Companies are not immune to the general industry crisis. The major problem it faces are:

a) Counterparty Risk from state owned power discoms

b) RPO is not being enforced which means that Renewable Energy Certificates (REC) will not have a marketable value

c) Loan problems as most loans for the power sector have already gone to bankrupt Discoms

WSJ

NEW DELHI–The Indian government on Monday approved a plan to cut state-run electricity-distribution companies’ piled up losses of about 1.9 trillion rupees ($35.5 billion) as it seeks to revive the ailing power sector and growth in the economy.

Under the plan, state governments will take over half of the short-term debt of the distribution firms over the next two to five years, the government said in a statement. The distribution companies will issue bonds to lenders backed by the state governments against this debt.

For the remaining short-term debt, lenders will relax the terms, including extending the time of repayment, it said. The federal government will also provide fiscal incentives to states which adopt the plan.

The implementation of the plan is at the discretion of states, which could be a hurdle in its success.

A similar plan introduced more than a decade ago didn’t yield the desired results due to unwillingness of states to share the debt burden and increase power tariffs, fearing popular backlash.

Hindu

The renewable energy sector has good reasons to rejoice over the approval of financial restructuring of electricity distribution companies by the Cabinet Committee for Economic Affairs, and not just because the utilities will soon have money to pay their dues to wind-power companies.

It is widely expected that States will raise electricity tariffs to avail themselves of the grants offered by the Central Government. This means that solar power will come closer to grid parity, or indeed reach grid parity. ICRA estimates that over the next four years, the annualised tariff hike would be around 11 per cent. It says that some “outlier” States may even need to raise their tariffs between 15 per cent and 17 per cent. This is sweet news for solar-power producers.

The restructure of discoms’ loans will help the green-power sector in yet another way. As the State Governments take over the bonds issued by discoms to lenders, the lenders will have additional room to finance energy companies. Now, there is a fear of banks hitting their exposure limits to the power sector.

All Nuclear Power Plants in Europe are Unsafe – $32 billion required for Safety

4 Oct, 2012 by
Europe,Nuclear Energy

Nuclear Power which supplies more than 15% of the world’s electricity is doing a serious examination of its benefits compared to the massive risks. Nuclear Advantages vs Disadvantages are being weighed by countries after the Fukushima accident and many nations have decided to completely abandon nuclear energy. Amongst the most prominent are Germany and Japan which are amongst the top 10 generators of nuclear power in the world. Now a European Union Report has come out with some damaging findings about the state of 134 nuclear reactors in Europe. The study says that all reactors require technical upgrades and improvements and many countries have not implemented safety measures even one year after Fukushima. It would require around $32 billion to be spend on safety upgrades in the next 3 years to prevent a repeat of Fukushima in Europe.

Oil Rich Middle Eastern Nations like Kuwait, UAE and Saudi Arabia have been planning to build nuclear energy plants for quite some time now. They have been extensively engaged in discussions with Asian consortia to supply technology and expertise for building nuclear power plants in their countries. However the Fukushima incident has given some of them cold feet. While countries like Vietnam and China are pressing ahead with their nuclear expansion plans, Japan, Germany, Switzerland have decided to give up nuclear power. Widespread nuclear protests in Germany made the Government take the drastic action of stopping a number of nuclear reactors.

This report comes at a time when massive nuclear protests in India are being witnessed in the southern state of Tamil Nadu. Note the cost of nuclear power has grown at a distressing pace with massive time and cost overruns. The Areva Nuclear Plant is going to cost Rs 20 crore a MW which is much more than a Thermal Power plant and even costlier than Solar Power which has the highest capital requirement amongst major energy sources. Besides, disposal of nuclear energy waste is a huge problem even for countries like USA and Japan which have huge nuclear power industries. For a country like India with poor safety record, nuclear waste disposal would be a nightmare. India should learn from the example of Germany and Italy and stop going down the nuclear path and look for other green energy sources. Note different forms of Renewable Energy have their own pros and cons but Nuclear Energy Risks are too great to be ignored.

Read About Pros & Cons of Renewable Energy.

ET

From missing seismic devices to insufficient emergency back-up systems, stress tests on Europe’s nuclear power plants show hundreds of problems requiring billions in new investment, an EU report showed Tuesday. It notably cited the case of 10 reactors where on-site seismic instrumentation has yet to be installed. In some 50 others seismic instruments needed to be upgraded. It also said only four countries currently operate a back-up emergency centre in case the main control room becomes inhabitable in a severe accident.

The GWI Weekly Newsletter – Did You Miss Anything?

30 Sep, 2012 by
Green Investing

All posts published on GWI for the Week Ending 30th September, 2012:

India’s Ministry of New and Renewable Energy (MNRE) has come out with a scheme to promote the use of solar energy in India. Known as “Solar Cities’, 60 cities across India have been chosen……. key highlights of the Solar Cities program ……

While Tamil Nadu has India’s largest share of renewable energy mostly due to its 40% share of the installed wind energy in India, Gujarat has rapidly expanded its wind and solar…….. Geothermal Energy in India like other places in the world is moving at a snail’s pace……

9 Top Solar Stories Of the World…..

Germany is the definite number one solar power country in the world…….28 GW of solar is connected to the grid…… The Germany Renewable Energy Act ……  How does a feed-in tariff scheme work?

The world’s largest green company Siemens is taking drastic measures to cut costs at its Renewable Energy unit…..Note the cleantech industry is facing massive competitive pressure……… Wind Energy Problems in USA……….. Wind Energy Problems in Germany

India has become the latest country to contemplate anti dumping duties on imports of Chinese solar panels……. The main reason for the crash in solar panel prices has been the relentless cost cutting and growth of Chinese …….. Chinese diplomacy is going into overdrive to prevent Europe from imposing harsh duties on Chinese solar modules

The price of solar power systems has come down drastically in India……… Solar Lamps have been successful in India mainly due to their economic utility………. Note 100,000 Indian villages do not have electricity yet,……… India’s 4th largest public sector Bank of India partnering with an India solar company Solid Solar

Europe through enlightened green power policies has installed massive Renewable Energy capacities ………. Solar Energy has been contributing heavily to Germany’s electricity power mix

The world’s biggest equity market in USA continues to see massive flow of money out of traditional mutual funds into ETFs………. There are a number of reasons why equity ETFS in India have not caught on……… The ETF market in India may see a revival due to an unexpected source – Government of India.

Trina Solar is one of the lowest cost manufacturers of Solar Panels in the World right now………. Like Yingli and Suntech, Trina Solar Panels are one the best quality amongst Chinese Solar Panels……….. Founded in 1997, Trina Solar is one of the world’s foremost PV companies.

20 already account for 30% of the total water heating market………. Given the rising prices of power, solar water heaters have become increasingly attractive………. Surat and other cities make it mandatory for commercial establishments and houses to switch to solar water heaters.

LDK Solar is one of the biggest producer of solar wafers that are used by crystalline solar panels. LDK Solar was established in 2005 in China………. LDK Solar manufactures and markets multicrystalline and monocrystalline wafers

The Bulgarian Government is set to face numerous lawsuits from investors in solar power plants………. Bulgaria had given a very generous solar feed in tariff which has attracted solar developers……… The returns were enormous for these investors as solar panel prices have crashed

Suntech was the world’s biggest producer of solar panels in 2010………. It has started to vertically integrate in order to meet the low cost challenge from Trina and Yingli……… Suntech makes one of the best quality Solar Panels in China…….The Suntech Solar Modules can be broadly divided for: Residential, Commercial & Utility Scale purposes.

AU Optronics is one of the world’s leading LCD panel manufacturers………. BenQ Solar, is a division of AU Optronics. It a whole new solar brand. ………. BenQ Solar as product brand name.

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